Calculated result
Enter values and select Calculate.
Paired-variable formula
The cross-deviation sum Σ[(xᵢ−x̄)(yᵢ−ȳ)] is divided by n−1 for a sample or n for a population. Pair order is preserved and counts must match.
Worked example
For X = 2, 4, 6, 8 and Y = 1, 3, 5, 7, sample covariance is 6.6667.
Interpretation boundary
The sign indicates joint direction under the entered units; magnitude depends on both variables’ scales. Covariance is not correlation, regression, causation, or evidence of a meaningful relationship by itself.