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Result
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Formula and method
Cash-on-cash return = annual pre-tax cash flow ÷ total cash invested × 100%. Reverse modes solve cash flow or invested cash from the same relationship.
Worked example
Annual pre-tax cash flow of $12,000 divided by $150,000 invested equals 8%. A −$6,000 annual cash flow on the same investment equals −4%.
Limitations
Define cash flow and invested cash consistently for the period and scenario being analyzed. This does not model appreciation, equity buildup, taxes, resale proceeds, financing eligibility, risk, or total return.
Outputs are deterministic arithmetic estimates, not lending, legal, tax, accounting, appraisal, or investment advice. Verify definitions and contractual figures with the relevant qualified professional or lender.
Frequently asked questions
Does this calculator retrieve lender or property data?
No. It uses only the values you enter and makes no live API request.
Are the results a financing offer or approval?
No. Results are educational estimates and do not represent underwriting, approval, rates, terms, or availability.