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Formula and method
Each diploid parent contributes one of two alleles with equal probability. The 2 × 2 square contains four equally weighted combinations; heterozygous aA is normalized to Aa.
Worked example
Aa × Aa gives AA 25%, Aa 50%, and aa 25%.
Limits and assumptions
One autosomal locus, two alleles, and diploid parents only. No phenotype, pedigree, penetrance, linked-gene, polygenic-trait, or human-health prediction.
Method sources
NCBI Bookshelf genetics glossary defines a Punnett square as a tabular analysis of progeny genotypes. NHGRI explains allele and dominance terminology; phenotype inference is deliberately excluded.