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Result
Formula and method
p + q = 1 and p² + 2pq + q² = 1. In q² mode, q = √q² and p = 1 − q.
Worked example
p = 0.7 gives q = 0.3, AA = 0.49, Aa = 0.42, and aa = 0.09.
Limits and assumptions
This two-allele equilibrium model assumes a large randomly mating population with no selection, mutation, migration, or genetic drift. Real populations may not meet these assumptions, and q² is not a personal disease-risk result.
Method sources
NCBI GeneReviews glossary documents p + q = 1 and genotype frequencies p², 2pq, and q². The equilibrium assumptions are stated explicitly rather than treated as universal.